Free Essays on Freemasonry

The Fraternity of Free and Accepted Masons is the oldest, largest and most widely known fraternal organization in the world. Volumes have been written about it. Yet, to many people, Freemasonry remains a mystery. This summary is an attempt to relate some of the facts of Freemasonry that may be of interest to all. HISTORY Freemasonry traces its ancestry to the operative crafts, which, records indicate, were introduced into England as early as 674 A.D. Freemasonry is directly descended from those associations of operative craftsmen, primarily the Cathedral Builders, of the middle Ages. These men, because of their special knowledge and skills, were permitted special travel privileges and traveled from country to country employing the secrets and skills of their craft. These Master Craftsmen developed means of recognition and identification of their work. In the Seventeenth and early Eighteenth Century, as Cathedral Building came to an end, numbers of these operative stone Mason guilds or Lodges began to accept as members good men who were not stone Masons or directly connected with the builders' craft. These were called Accepted or Speculative Masons. Gradually, the Lodges came to be composed almost entirely of these Accepted or Speculative Masons. From these groups, the Freemasonry of today had its beginning. GRAND LODGES In 1717, four Lodges of Freemasons, meeting in London, England, formed the first Grand Lodge of Freemasons in the world. The Grand Lodge chartered Symbolic Lodges and Provincial Grand Lodges in many countries, including America, France, Germany, Italy, Sweden, Denmark, the Netherlands, and others. Today, there are more than 150 Grand Lodges in free countries of the world with a membership of more than six million Masons. The Grand Lodge is the administrative authority in its territory, known as a jurisdiction. MASONIC LODGES The basic unit of all Grand Lodges is the Masonic Lodge, somet... Free Essays on Freemasonry Free Essays on Freemasonry The Fraternity of Free and Accepted Masons is the oldest, largest and most widely known fraternal organization in the world. Volumes have been written about it. Yet, to many people, Freemasonry remains a mystery. This summary is an attempt to relate some of the facts of Freemasonry that may be of interest to all. HISTORY Freemasonry traces its ancestry to the operative crafts, which, records indicate, were introduced into England as early as 674 A.D. Freemasonry is directly descended from those associations of operative craftsmen, primarily the Cathedral Builders, of the middle Ages. These men, because of their special knowledge and skills, were permitted special travel privileges and traveled from country to country employing the secrets and skills of their craft. These Master Craftsmen developed means of recognition and identification of their work. In the Seventeenth and early Eighteenth Century, as Cathedral Building came to an end, numbers of these operative stone Mason guilds or Lodges began to accept as members good men who were not stone Masons or directly connected with the builders' craft. These were called Accepted or Speculative Masons. Gradually, the Lodges came to be composed almost entirely of these Accepted or Speculative Masons. From these groups, the Freemasonry of today had its beginning. GRAND LODGES In 1717, four Lodges of Freemasons, meeting in London, England, formed the first Grand Lodge of Freemasons in the world. The Grand Lodge chartered Symbolic Lodges and Provincial Grand Lodges in many countries, including America, France, Germany, Italy, Sweden, Denmark, the Netherlands, and others. Today, there are more than 150 Grand Lodges in free countries of the world with a membership of more than six million Masons. The Grand Lodge is the administrative authority in its territory, known as a jurisdiction. MASONIC LODGES The basic unit of all Grand Lodges is the Masonic Lodge, somet...

Famous Ancient Greek Sculptors

Famous Ancient Greek Sculptors These six sculptors (Myron, Phidias, Polyclitus, Praxiteles, Scopas, and Lysippus) are among the most famous artists in ancient Greece. Most of their work has been lost except as it survives in Roman and later copies. Art during the Archaic Period was stylized  but became more realistic during the Classical Period. The late Classical Period sculpture was three dimensional, made to be viewed from all sides. These and other artists helped move Greek art - from Classic Idealism to Hellenistic Realism, blending in softer elements and emotive expressions.   The two most commonly cited sources for information about Greek and Roman artists are the first century CE writer and scientist Pliny the Elder (who died watching Pompeii erupt) and the second century CE travel writer Pausanias. Myron of Eleutherae 5th C. BCE. (Early Classical Period) An older contemporary of Phidias and Polyclitus, and, like them, also a pupil of Ageladas, Myron of Eleutherae (480–440 BCE) worked chiefly in bronze. Myron is known for his Discobolus (discus-thrower) which had careful proportions and rhythm. Pliny the Elder argued that Myrons most famous sculpture was that of a bronze heifer, supposedly so lifelike it could be mistaken for a real cow. The cow was placed at the Athenian Acropolis between 420–417 BCE, then moved to the Temple of Peace at Rome and then the Forum Taurii in Constantinople. This cow was on view for nearly a thousand years - the Greek scholar Procopius reported that he saw it in the 6th century CE. It was the subject of no less than 36 Greek and Roman epigrams, some of which claimed that the sculpture could be mistaken for a cow by calves and bulls, or that it actually was a real cow, attached to a stone base. Myron can be approximately dated to the Olympiads of the victors whose statues he crafted (Lycinus, in 448, Timanthes in 456, and Ladas, probably 476). Phidias of Athens c. 493–430 BCE (High Classical Period) Phidias (spelled Pheidias or Phydias), the son of Charmides, was a 5th century BCE sculptor known for his ability to sculpt in nearly anything, including stone, bronze, silver, gold, wood, marble, ivory, and chryselephantine. Among his most famous works is the nearly 40-foot tall statue of Athena, made of chryselephantine with plates of ivory upon a core of wood or stone for the flesh and solid gold drapery and ornaments. A statue of Zeus at Olympia was made of ivory and gold and was ranked among one of the Seven Wonders of the Ancient World. The Athenian statesman Pericles commissioned several works from Phidias, including sculptures to celebrate the Greek victory at the Battle of Marathon. Phidias is among the sculptors associated with the early use of the Golden Ratio, the Greek representation of which is the letter Phi after Phidias. Phidias the accused of trying to embezzle gold  but proved his innocence. He was charged with impiety, however, and sent to prison where, according to Plutarch, he died. Polyclitus of Argos 5th C. BCE (High Classical Period) Polyclitus (Polycleitus or Polykleitos) created a gold and ivory statue of Hera for the goddesss temple at Argos. Strabo called it the most beautiful rendering of Hera hed ever seen, and it was considered by most ancient writers as one of the most beautiful works of all Greek art. All his other sculptures were in bronze. Polyclitus is also known for his Doryphorus statue (Spear-bearer), which illustrated his book named canon (kanon), a theoretical work on ideal mathematical proportions for human body parts and on the balance between tension and movement, known as symmetry. He sculpted Astragalizontes (Boys Playing at Knuckle Bones) which had a place of honor in the atrium of the Emperor Titus. Praxiteles of Athens c. 400–330 BCE (Late Classical Period) Praxiteles was the son of the sculptor Cephisodotus the Elder, and a younger contemporary of Scopas. He sculpted a great variety of men and gods, both male and female; and he is said to have been the first to sculpt the human female form in a life-sized statue. Praxiteles primarily used marble from the famous quarries of Paros, but he also used bronze. Two examples of Praxiteles work are Aphrodite of Knidos (Cnidos) and Hermes with the Infant Dionysus. One of his works that reflects the change in Late Classical Period Greek art is his sculpture of the god Eros with a sad expression, taking his lead, or so some scholars have said, from a then-fashionable depiction of love as suffering in Athens, and the growing popularity of the expression of feelings in general by painters and sculptors throughout the period. Scopas of Paros 4th C. BCE (Late Classical Period) Scopas was an architect of the Temple of Athena Alea at Tegea, which used all three of the orders (Doric and Corinthian, on the outside and Ionic inside), in Arcadia. Later Scopas made sculptures for Arcadia, which were described by Pausanias. Scopas also worked on the bas-reliefs that decorated the frieze of the Mausoleum at Halicarnassus in Caria. Scopas may have made one of the sculptured columns on the temple of Artemis at Ephesus after its fire in 356. Scopas made a sculpture of a maenad in a Bacchic frenzy of which a copy survives. Lysippus of Sicyon 4th C. BCE (Late Classical Period) A metalworker, Lysippus taught himself sculpture by studying nature and Polyclitus canon. Lysippus work is characterized by lifelike naturalism and slender proportions. It has been described as impressionistic. Lysippus was the official sculptor to Alexander the Great. It is said about Lysippus that while others had made men as they were, he had made them as they appeared to the eye. Lysippus is thought not to have had formal artistic training but was a prolific sculptor creating sculptures from tabletop size to colossus. Sources Bellinger, Alfred R. The Late Bronze of Alexandria Troas. Museum Notes (American Numismatic Society) 8 (1958): 25–53. Print.Corso, Antonio. Love as Suffering: The Eros of Thespiae of Praxiteles. Bulletin of the Institute of Classical Studies 42 (1997): 63–91. Print.Lapatin, Kenneth, D. S. Pheidias. American Journal of Archaeology 101.4 (1997): 663–82. Print.Palagia, Olga. Pheidias Epoiesen: Attribution as Value Judgement. Bulletin of the Institute of Classical Studies. Supplement.104 (2010): 97–107. Print.Squire, Michael. Making Myrons Cow Moo? Ecphrastic Epigram and the Poetics of Simulation. The American Journal of Philology 131.4 (2010): 589–634. Print.Stewart, Andrew. Praxiteles. American Journal of Archaeology 111.3 (2007): 565–69. Print.Waldstein, Charles. The Argive Hera of Polycleitus. The Journal of Hellenic Studies 21 (1901): 30–44. Print.Wycherley, R. E. Pausanias and Praxiteles. Hesperia Supplements 20 (1982): 182–91 . Print.

Violence Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words - 1

Violence - Essay Example It also won in the critical award giving body Cannes Film Festival with the award â€Å"the Palme dOr. The film Inglorious Basterds is more recent film (shown in 2009) and again written and directed by Quentin Tarantino. It starred Brad Pitt as Lt. Aldo Raine, Christoph Waltz as Col. Hans Landa), Eli Roth as Sgt. Donny Donowitz, Michael Fassbender as Lt. Archie Hicox, Diane Kruger as Bridget von Hammersmark, Daniel Brà ¼hl as Fredrick Zoller, Mà ©lanie Laurent as Shosanna Dreyfus, Denis Menochet as Perrier LaPadite, Sylvester Groth as Joseph Goebbels,  Mike Myers  as Gen. Ed Fenech and Rod Taylor (Winston Churchill). Although the film directed against the German Nazi’s, the movie still got a positive review from the German press when it was shown in German theatres (Itzkoff). Both films contained Tarantino’s â€Å"hyperbolic violence . . . [being] a constituent of his work as the reams of dialogue† (Dargis). The films were situated in separate settings and different time in history yet both have the same central appeal of violence. Although Tarantino is already renowned for making quality and almost surreal films, this â€Å"hyperbolic violence† which is always present in Tarantino’s film is just too prevalent and used too casually to the point of nondescript that it desensitizes his audience. These two films are set in violent circumstances. The more acclaimed film Pulp Fiction was set against the backdrop of Los Angel mobsters where criminality is rampant and the â€Å"Boss† rules the day. This makes the theme of violence convenient because violence is the language spoken and understood by the mob. The script is also peppered by expletives and even if it displayed wit and humor, it still promoted the culture of gangsterism where hoodlums were not depicted to be profane but seemingly an acceptable people. Allan Stone in his review about the violence in Pulp Fiction observed that Tarantino

Setting up a Communications Technology Based Company Essay - 1

Setting up a Communications Technology Based Company - Essay Example The main clients of the company are home appliances selling companies and computer retailers. These companies usually need call centres to deal with customer complaints. Call centres also guide users when they face any problem with the products. Tele Solutions also offer online customer care services. Customers can contact the company through internet and Tele Solutions will help them solve their problems. The name of the company is Tele Solutions and it will be based in Central London. Tele Solutions helps businesses outsource their customer care call centres. The name is chosen keeping in mind the service that is being offered by the company. There will be 100 employees in the company as it is a small company. When starting operations low number of employees will help the company lower its costs and risk. The services offered by the company are very useful for businesses because people face problems with technology items like home appliance and computers. Usually they do not have enough time to go through the instruction manual therefore they contact the customer care services. This is where our company will come in and provide facility to businesses and will charge a fee for it. The structure of the company will be horizontal and team based. Groups will be formed and each group will be working on a separate company. The teams will choose their own leader and the leader will only act as a guide and will provide support to the group members. It has been identified that call centre employees show distress and anxiety due to strict work methods and non supportive leaders (Holman, D. 2006) therefore Tele Soft will have a supportive environment and employees will be free to design their own activities. This structure will also be a success strategy for the company. Motivated employees will bring business to the company. Also company will be

U101 TMA11 Design Thinking Essay Example for Free

U101 TMA11 Design Thinking Essay Being a sole trader. I started my company as I had a passion for creating and designing. It gives me the opportunity to nurture my creativity as well as allow me personal and financial independence. I first realised I enjoyed creating and designing when I was at school and this is still true. When the time came to look for work I instantly knew what I wanted to do. I built the entire business myself. I designed and built the website, I created my customer base, I created the designs, I marketed the products and the list goes on. The second role is one that I find incredibly rewarding, and that is being a Mother to my son Charlie. I love him unconditionally and being a mother means so much more to me than I could have ever imagined. I found that being a parent is so much more though, I have to nurture him both emotionally, physically and on an intellectual level. This role ensures that there is never a dull moment in my life. Every day means that my life embarks on a new challenge. Question 1B From carrying out the learning styles questionnaire I have learnt that I need to do the following: I need to create a study plan that will suit my learning style. So I will ensure that I set it up so I study for shorter periods. I need to ensure that I read everything correctly and brainstorm prior to answering questions. I must make sure that I double check my work afterwards and proof read all assignments. Question 2B The learning situation I have chosen is learning to design an invitation to a wedding. I feel that this most suits me as I face this situation on a regular basis. When faced with the decision of creating wedding stationery I first look into the different styles of invitations there are, for example; greeting card style, plain flat styled, chequebook or layered style etc. Further to this, potential suppliers need to be researched in depth so as to find reliable and good quality products. Another valid, if not vital topic that needs to be looked into is how you would print the invitations. You can use an inkjet printer; however this would not give a good quality finish. A laser printer; would provide a good quality finish, however, the cost would increase. There are more extravagant routes for printing designs; thermography, engraving and finally letterpress. These would be a very expensive and time consuming option however; it is these types of printing are becoming increasingly popular in this day and age. Therefore I would have to discuss with the customer(s) what they would want in order to choose the right printing process. I would then look into what customer(s) are looking to gain from their invitation, so if they are having a formal or informal wedding we would look into the style of wording that needs to be chosen in order to suit this. Further to all of this information a rough mood board would be created of materials (card, ribbons and various other textured materials) to show the customer(s) their options so they can decide what would best suited for her wedding. A customer may have a themed wedding or colour scheme too. For example if a customer was to have a vintage themed wedding they may use colours like; nude, champagne, peach, pinks, creams and ivory. These suggestions and ideas would have to be input into the design. The customer(s) may wish for the invitation to have depth to it so they may ask for embellishments, like pearls etc. Once all these steps have been carried out I would then proceed to designing an electronic proof (a mock-up) where customer(s) can see design ideas without materials being wasted if they do not like the design. If the customer(s) do like the design then we would proceed to creating an actual full scale sample. This sample would then be sent out to the customers directly so that they can review that all information is how they would want it to appear etc. Once a design had been finalised then the process of producing items in bulk would commence. A Question 2C After looking into my results I have reflected on my learning style. I feel that I think logically at learning tasks. I like to have everything laid out and research into what I can achieve. This style suits me well as I am very inquisitive and further myself by looking into subjects in depth. The learning style question I feel is accurate in some sense I do not prefer to get things done quickly sometimes I feel that I enjoy taking my time. Question 2d As I embark on studying U101 I am sure that I will certainly gain a lot of experience and acquire the knowledge to further myself in future studies. I feel that I may learn different techniques and ideas from working when working in a group. Things that may require further development are learning how to layout assignments in a professional manner, as well as wording them so they are suitable for academic use. Another area that I may show weakness in would be getting myself organised. Understanding what is needed to be done and then making effective and efficient steps in order to complete the task(s)

Neurobiology of Human Sexuality :: Biology Essays Research Papers

Neurobiology of Human Sexuality Human sexuality is a topic that has been taboo for many centuries. The orgasm, for example, is one aspect of sexuality that has been overlooked. In particular, the female orgasm is an important function to address because it's a subject that has been socially steeped in silence and shame, and is directly connected to female health in general. Not many people are willing to admit, that orgasms actually benefit a woman physically and psychologically in many ways (i.e. easing menstrual cramps to alleviate stress). One mystery about the female orgasm is why some women "fake" orgasms during sexual activity. One thing that is for sure, is that even though the male orgasm is reached quicker, the female orgasm is capable of repeated pleasure. Why do so many women have difficulty experiencing an orgasm and why do men climax so fast? Interestingly enough, most women will confess that their partners do not give them orgasm. Instead, they allow themselves to have orgasms. Not only that, but they can have a variety of different types of orgasms at the same time. (i.e. clitoral orgasms, G-spot orgasms, vaginal orgasms, ejaculatory orgasms, blended orgasms, etc). Men will comment for example, that the scent of a woman is what drives them crazy during sexual activity and makes them unable to hold the sensation for long. So do women have more control over physical pleasure in the brain than men? How do sexual problems happen in the brain? There is a combination of things that come in effect when it comes to an orgasm in the brain. Neurotransmitters, and neuro-peptides for example, are heavily involved in the sexual response. To reach an orgasm, the central nervous system sends orders to the heart, so that it pumps faster, sending blood to oxygenate the increase of blood flow in muscles involved in sexual activity. Nitric oxide, serotonin, dopamine, epinephrine, and norepinephrine, are just a few of the neurotransmitters and neuro-peptides involved in sexual activity. Nitric oxide (NO) plays a critical role in both male and female sexuality. In penile erections, NO stimulates the release of guanylate cyclase, which, in turn, converts GTP to cGMP and produces relaxation of smooth muscles and increased blood flow into the penis. This information is used in the popular drug sildenafil (ViagraTM) that inhibits the metabolism of cGMP to prolong the effects of the erection. (1) Serotonin's role in sexual function is that of constriction of smooth muscles in the genitals, and peripheral nerve function.

General Motors Corp vs. Ford Corp

Ford Corp. General motors (MM) and Ford are two of the leading manufacturing companies of trucks that I know of. In saying, both have their strengths and differences in areas such as quality of parts, driver comfort, fuel economy, and engine selection. When these companies put together their trucks, it is taken into great detail for these two companies to make their product better than their competitor. GM designs more detail and reliable trucks than ford can produce.For instance, Ford only offers three engine options that they will put in their trucks. They have a 4. 2 Liter IV, a 4. 6 Liter Triton IV, and their biggest engine in light duty trucks is the 5. 4 Liter Triton IV. Although these engines produce decent horsepower and torque, GM has six engine options with higher ratings. The first three engine selections GM has are the 4. 3 Liter IV, 4. 8 Liter IV, and 5. 3 Liter. They also have two other selections offered are the 5. 3 Liter IV and their biggest engine in light duty truc ks the Vortex 6. 0 Liter IV.Both engines offer the best technology known as the active fuel management system, which shuts off four of the eight cylinders when power is not needed. Last but not least, GM also has a 6. 2 Liter IV which is limited to certain trucks or packages. Not many trucks get very good fuel mileage. Ford is one manufacturer that offers fuel efficient motors, but their bigger engines tend to drink a little too much gas. For example, their smallest engine gets 16 MPEG in the city and 21 MPEG on the highway. Their largest engine in a light duty truck gets 14 MPEG in the city and 18 MPEG on the highway.On the other hand, GSM' smallest engine averages 17 MPEG in the city and 1 MPEG on the highway, and with a much bigger engine and higher power output than the Ford 5. 4 liter, averages 15 MPEG in the city and 19 MPEG on the highway. Trucks are not the easiest vehicles to drive or operate, which is why driver comfort is a need to a great truck. Ford and GM offer a numbe r of conveniences to consumers' and making the drivers experience more enjoyable and relaxing. Some options offered by Ford are back up sensors, side mirrors with turn lights inside, heated seats, adjustable pedals, and controls on the steering wheel.GM offers their consumers heated side mirrors with turn signals inside the mirror and an auto dim eater, and park assisting with LED lights which allow you to see, as well as hear how close the rear of the vehicle is to any object. GM also offers dual memory and heated seats, adjustable pedals, rain sense wipers which turn on automatically, remote start, a cargo management system which allows consumers to attach toolboxes and equipment to rails installed of in the bed, and On Star turn by turn navigation, two different dashboards, side impact air bags, and the standard stability system.No one wants to hear the noise of the road or the vehicle. This is why both Ford and GM have used higher quality materials with sound deadening treatment in their newer model trucks. This helps eliminate road and wind noise as well as the possibility of future squeaking or rattling. Creating more gaps within the design of the truck will also eliminate such sounds. The more interior accessories available on a truck the more people are interested in the trucks. Climate controls which allow both to have different temperatures, adjustable pedals, heated windshield dashboards, side impact air bags, and the standard stability system.In reference to all of the great options that both companies provide, I have and will always be a reheard GM believer. I have credibility to talk about both being as how I have been a mechanic on both for several years. In the facts provided GM provides so much more in driver comfort which alone should be enough to convince a person in choosing GM. In conclusion, both GM and Ford manufacture great trucks. Giving consumers a number of options of available perpetration and interior options make the two different . The key to having the best truck isn't to offer Just a number of available options but, to offer them all with reliability trucks.